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초기화
저장 프로퍼티에 대한 초기 값 설정
기본 문법
struct Fahrenheit {
var temperature: Double
init() {
temperature = 32.0
}
}
var f = Fahrenheit()
print("The default temperature is \(f.temperature)° Fahrenheit")
// Prints "The default temperature is 32.0° Fahrenheit"
기본 값
struct Fahrenheit {
var temperature = 20
}
사용자 정의 초기화
struct Celsius {
var temperatureInCelsius: Double
init(fromFahrenheit fahrenheit: Double) {
temperatureInCelsius = (fahrenheit - 32.0) / 1.8
}
init(fromKelvin kelvin: Double) {
temperatureInCelsius = kelvin - 273.15
}
}
let boilingPointOfWater = Celsius(fromFahrenheit: 212.0)
// boilingPointOfWater.temperatureInCelsius is 100.0
let freezingPointOfWater = Celsius(fromKelvin: 273.15)
// freezingPointOfWater.temperatureInCelsius is 0.0
매개변수 이름과 인자 레이블
struct Color {
let red, green, blue: Double
init(red: Double, green: Double, blue: Double) {
self.red = red
self.green = green
self.blue = blue
}
init(white: Double) {
red = white
green = white
blue = white
}
}
let magenta = Color(red: 1.0, green: 0.0, blue: 1.0)
let halfGray = Color(white: 0.5)
인자 레이블 없는 초기화 매개변수
struct Celsius {
var temperatureInCelsius: Double
init(_ celsius: Double) {
temperatureInCelsius = celsius
}
}
let bodyTemperature = Celsius(37.0)
// bodyTemperature.temperatureInCelsius is 37.0
옵셔널 프로퍼티 타입
class SurveyQuestion {
var text: String
var response: String?
init(text: String) {
self.text = text
}
func ask() {
print(text)
}
}
let cheeseQuestion = SurveyQuestion(text: "Do you like cheese?")
cheeseQuestion.ask()
// Prints "Do you like cheese?"
cheeseQuestion.response = "Yes, I do like cheese."
초기화 하는 동안 상수 프로퍼티 할당하기
class SurveyQuestion {
let text: String
var response: String?
init(text: String) {
self.text = text
}
func ask() {
print(text)
}
}
let beetsQuestion = SurveyQuestion(text: "How about beets?")
beetsQuestion.ask()
// Prints "How about beets?"
beetsQuestion.response = "I also like beets. (But not with cheese.)"
기본 초기화 (Default Initializer)
class ShoppingListItem {
var name: String?
var quantity = 1
var purchased = false
}
var item = ShoppingListItem()
여기서 다른 초기화 메소드를 작성하면
class ShoppingListItem {
var name: String?
var quantity = 1
var purchased = false
init(quantity : Int) {
self.quantity = quantity
}
}
var item = ShoppingListItem()
구조체 타입에 대한 멤버단위의 초기화
struct Size {
var width = 0.0, height = 0.0
}
let size = Size()
let twoByTwo = Size(width: 2.0, height: 2.0)
값 타입에 대한 초기화 위임
struct Size {
var width = 0.0, height = 0.0
}
struct Point {
var x = 0.0, y = 0.0
}
struct Rect {
var origin = Point()
var size = Size()
init() {}
init(origin: Point, size: Size) {
self.origin = origin
self.size = size
}
init(center: Point, size: Size) {
let originX = center.x - (size.width / 2)
let originY = center.y - (size.height / 2)
self.init(origin: Point(x: originX, y: originY), size: size)
}
}
let centerRect = Rect(center: Point(x: 4.0, y: 4.0),
size: Size(width: 3.0, height: 3.0))
// centerRect's origin is (2.5, 2.5) and its size is (3.0, 3.0)
클래스 상속과 초기화
지정된 초기화와 편리한 초기화
지정된 초기화, 편리한 초기화 문법
init(<#parameters#>) {
<#statements#>
}
convenience init(<#parameters#>) {
<#statements#>
}
클래스 타입에 대한 초기화 위임
두 단계 초기화
초기화 상속과 오버라이딩
class Vehicle {
var numberOfWheels = 0
var description: String {
return "\(numberOfWheels) wheel(s)"
}
}
class Bicycle: Vehicle {
override init() {
super.init()
numberOfWheels = 2
}
}
자동 초기화상속
지정된 초기화와 편리한 초기화에서의 동작
class Food {
var name: String
init(name: String) {
self.name = name
}
convenience init() {
self.init(name: "[Unnamed]")
}
}
let namedMeat = Food(name: "Bacon")
let mysteryMeat = Food()
class RecipeIngredient: Food {
var quantity: Int
init(name: String, quantity: Int) {
self.quantity = quantity
super.init(name: name)
}
override convenience init(name: String) {
self.init(name: name, quantity: 1)
}
}
let oneMysteryItem = RecipeIngredient() //[Unnamed], 1
let oneBacon = RecipeIngredient(name: "Bacon") //Bacon, 1
let sixEggs = RecipeIngredient(name: "Eggs", quantity: 6)
class ShoppingListItem: RecipeIngredient {
var purchased = false
var description: String {
var output = "\(quantity) x \(name)"
output += purchased ? " ✔" : " ✘"
return output
}
}
var breakfastList = [
ShoppingListItem(),
ShoppingListItem(name: "Bacon"),
ShoppingListItem(name: "Eggs", quantity: 6),
]
breakfastList[0].name = "Orange juice"
breakfastList[0].purchased = true
for item in breakfastList {
print(item.description)
}
// 1 x Orange juice ✔
// 1 x Bacon ✘
// 6 x Eggs ✘
실패할 수 있는 초기화
struct Animal {
let species: String
init?(species: String) {
if species.isEmpty { return nil }
self.species = species
}
}
let someCreature = Animal(species: "Giraffe")
// someCreature is of type Animal?, not Animal
if let giraffe = someCreature {
print("An animal was initialized with a species of \(giraffe.species)")
}
// Prints "An animal was initialized with a species of Giraffe"
let anonymousCreature = Animal(species: "")
// anonymousCreature is of type Animal?, not Animal
if anonymousCreature == nil {
print("The anonymous creature could not be initialized")
}
// Prints "The anonymous creature could not be initialized"
열거형에 대한 실패할 수 있는 초기화
enum TemperatureUnit {
case kelvin, celsius, fahrenheit
init?(symbol: Character) {
switch symbol {
case "K":
self = .kelvin
case "C":
self = .celsius
case "F":
self = .fahrenheit
default:
return nil
}
}
}
let fahrenheitUnit = TemperatureUnit(symbol: "F")
if fahrenheitUnit != nil {
print("This is a defined temperature unit, so initialization succeeded.")
}
// Prints "This is a defined temperature unit, so initialization succeeded."
let unknownUnit = TemperatureUnit(symbol: "X")
if unknownUnit == nil {
print("This is not a defined temperature unit, so initialization failed.")
}
// Prints "This is not a defined temperature unit, so initialization failed."
rawValue 를 사용하는 열거형에 대한 실패할 수 있는 초기화
enum TemperatureUnit: Character {
case kelvin = "K", celsius = "C", fahrenheit = "F"
}
let fahrenheitUnit = TemperatureUnit(rawValue: "F")
if fahrenheitUnit != nil {
print("This is a defined temperature unit, so initialization succeeded.")
}
// Prints "This is a defined temperature unit, so initialization succeeded."
let unknownUnit = TemperatureUnit(rawValue: "X")
if unknownUnit == nil {
print("This is not a defined temperature unit, so initialization failed.")
}
// Prints "This is not a defined temperature unit, so initialization failed."
초기화 실패전달
class Product {
let name: String
init?(name: String) {
if name.isEmpty {
return nil
}
self.name = name
}
}
class CartItem: Product {
let quantity: Int
init?(name: String, quantity: Int) {
if quantity < 1 {
return nil
}
self.quantity = quantity
super.init(name: name)
}
}
if let twoSocks = CartItem(name: "sock", quantity: 2) {
print("Item: \(twoSocks.name), quantity: \(twoSocks.quantity)")
}
// Prints "Item: sock, quantity: 2"
if let zeroShirts = CartItem(name: "shirt", quantity: 0) {
print("Item: \(zeroShirts.name), quantity: \(zeroShirts.quantity)")
} else {
print("Unable to initialize zero shirts")
}
// Prints "Unable to initialize zero shirts"
if let oneUnnamed = CartItem(name: "", quantity: 1) {
print("Item: \(oneUnnamed.name), quantity: \(oneUnnamed.quantity)")
} else {
print("Unable to initialize one unnamed product")
}
// Prints "Unable to initialize one unnamed product"
실패할 수 있는 초기화 재정의 (Overriding a Failable Initializer)
class Document {
var name: String?
init() {
}
init?(name: String) {
if name.isEmpty {
return nil
}
self.name = name
}
}
class AutomaticallyNamedDocument: Document {
override init() {
super.init()
self.name = "[Untitled]"
}
override init(name: String) {
super.init()
if name.isEmpty {
self.name = "[Untitled]"
} else {
self.name = name
}
}
}
class UntitledDocument: Document {
override init() {
super.init(name: "[Untitled]")!
}
}
let document = UntitledDocument()
print (document.name!)
필수 초기화 (Required Initializers)
class SomeClass {
required init() {
// initializer implementation goes here
}
}
class SomeSubclass: SomeClass {
required init() {
// subclass implementation of the required initializer goes here
}
}
클로저나 함수로 기본 프로퍼티 값 설정
class SomeClass {
let someProperty: String = {
// create a default value for someProperty inside this closure
// someValue must be of the same type as SomeType
return ""
}()
}
struct Chessboard {
let boardColors: [Bool] = {
var temporaryBoard = [Bool]()
var isBlack = false
for i in 1...8 {
for j in 1...8 {
temporaryBoard.append(isBlack)
isBlack = !isBlack
}
isBlack = !isBlack
}
return temporaryBoard
}()
func squareIsBlackAt(row: Int, column: Int) -> Bool {
return boardColors[(row * 8) + column]
}
}
let board = Chessboard()
print(board.squareIsBlackAt(row: 0, column: 1)) // Prints "true"
print(board.squareIsBlackAt(row: 7, column: 7)) // Prints "false"
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